Steve is a gaming industry veteran with more than a decade of experience covering legal and legislative developments in the U.S. gambling sector. His primary focus is the ongoing legal and legislative developments in the U.S. and the convergence of terrestrial and online gaming.
Jon Young is a writer and magazine editor with over 12 years' experience in the gaming sector. He has written on everything from poker and slots to casino, sports betting and mobile gambling. When not trying to take down the Mega Moolah jackpot he can be found playing poker tournaments in casinos.
You won't find any Vermont real money online casinos available. This might change at some point in the future, but it's uncertain when that might happen. In the meantime, players can enjoy their favorite slots and table games at our top recommended social casinos. These sites are 100% safe and legal.
Best Vermont Online Gambling Sites
Affiliate Disclosure:At Gambling.com, we want to ensure that players are matched with the right casino and sportsbook offers for them. For this reason, some of the recommended site links are affiliate links. This means that if you visit a website through our link and make a deposit, Gambling.com will receive a commission payment at no extra cost to you.At Gambling.com, we want to ensure that players are matched with the right casino and sportsbook offers for them. For this reason, some of the recommended site links are affiliate links.At Gambling.com, we want to ensure that players are matched with the right casino and sportsbook offers for them. For this reason, some of the recommended site links are affiliate links. This means that if you visit a website through our link and make a deposit, Gambling.com will receive a commission payment at no extra cost to you. All product reviews and recommendations are still impartial as our editorial standards are designed to be commercially independent and follow a professional methodology.MoreLess
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
98
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
1150+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
25+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
WOW Vegas is a highly reputable social casino that lets players purchase Gold Coins (WOW Coins) and win sweeps coins that can be redeemed for real-world prizes. Players will also find a myriad of slots available from popular providers like Betsoft and Pragmatic Play.
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
GDC
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
98
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
900+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
15+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
5+
McLuck is an exciting social casino with a wide range of casino games available from industry giants like Pragmatic Play, Relax Gaming, NetEnt, and more. New slots with special features like 'Hold and Win' are always being added to their growing portfolio.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs apply. Void in ID, KY, MI, NV and WA.
Activate Boosts to Supercharge Winnings
Collect 'Game Coins' & 'Diamonds' Every 4 Hours
Authentic Brand, Made in the USA
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
97
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
1350+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
15+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
For a casino-style gaming experience without the cost, High 5 is the place to play. Launched in 1995 and available in the US, this social casino gives you the chance to play authentic 1,200+ online slot games for fun.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in ID, MI, NV, & WA.
Crown Coins Loyalty Program
Daily Login Bonuses Offering CCs & SCs
Mobile App for iOS Available
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
95
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
70
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
20
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Crown Coins Casino is the perfect social casino for players who seek variety. It’s sleek design makes it easy for players to access and play slots and other games. You’ll find a big collection of jackpot games at the operator’s site.
Must be 18+ to participate. Void in GA, ID, KY, MI, NV, WA
Get 10,000 Coins Free Every Day
'Real Wheel' with Guaranteed Wins
VIP Loyalty Program with Extra Daily Bonus
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The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
93
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
175+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
0
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
RealPrize is a very beginner-friendly social and sweeps casino that provides players with tips along their 'journey' thanks to Perzi the cartoon superman gift box.
Must be 18+ to participate. Void in AL, GA, ID, KY, MT, NV, WA. T&Cs Apply.
Ongoing Jackpot Races
Over 750 Titles in the Game Library
Social Live Casino Available
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
GDC
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
96
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
850+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
20+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
5+
Hello Millions uses its eye-catching design to stand out from the competition. That's not all, as it offers hundreds of titles in its game library and numerous ongoing promotions.
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
GAMBLINGCOM
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
96
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
140+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
30+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Players who join Funrize Casino will receive 100 free daily promotional entries which means playing more games for free, and the chance to reveal some exciting prizes. For the more adventurous, Funrize also offers a tournament mode.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in GA, ID, MI, and WA.
Regular Weekly Challenges with Huge Prize Pools
Login & Receive 10,000GC and 1SC Daily
7-Tier VIP Program with Bonuses, Rakeback & More
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
90
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
750+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
45+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Zula Casino, is an online social casino with sweepstakes elements, that is currently live in all US states exluding Georgia, Idaho, & Washington. With a generous welcome bonus and unique style of games, you'll have plenty of options to win prizes!
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
GDC
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
96
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
1020+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
0
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Pulsz is a rapidly growing social casino that allows players to join regular promotions to claim free coins. There are also two progressive Gold Coin jackpots each week, with a minimum jackpot of GC 1,000,000.
Must be 18+ to participate. Void Idaho, Kentucky, Michigan, Nevada & Washington.
Ongoing Challenges with GCs and SCs
Live Dealer Section Available
Over 600 Premium Slot Games
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
95
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
400+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
2+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
5+
Punt.com is a social casino with an intuitive platform that’s easy to use. Choose from over 500 titles, including a live dealer section. Explore games from top providers such as Pragmatic and participate in ongoing challenges.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in AL, DE, GA, ID, KY, MT, NV, and WA.
Daily Free Coins
Spree Prize Fiesta
Live Casino Available
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
90
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
700+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
0
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
3+
Spree social casino offers an amazing selection of slot games and brings a live casino section to the table. Claim daily bonuses and participate in raffles and tournaments at this operator’s website, which is available on all operating systems.
Must be 18+ to participate. Void in ID, LA, MI, MT, NV and WA.
Large Collection of Scratchcards
Low 1x Playthrough Requirement
24/7 Live Chat Available
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
96
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
750
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
30
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
30
The Money Factory is a new but fast-growing sweepstakes casino with a diverse range of games from the top software developers. This also includes live dealer games like Gravity Blackjack and Roulette Lite.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in DE, HI, ID, KY, MI, MT, NV, NJ and WA.
Available in English and Spanish
Modern Social Casino Platform
Large Selection of High RTP Slots
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
94
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
310+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
5+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Jefebet is a new social that is quickly gaining traction, particularly among US Hispanic players. They offer a generous welcome bonus and provide many ways to earn sweeps coins.
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
92
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
184
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
10+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Hard Rock Casino is a popular chain of cafes, hotels & casinos globally. Its social casino product is available in numerous US states and features hundreds of games.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in ID, MI, WA and WY.
Daily Tournaments with Generous Prize Pools
Free Gold Coins Every 12 Hours with Lucky Wheel
Numerous Ongoing Promos
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
GDC
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
95
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
120+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
30+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
NoLimit Coins social casino features a hand-picked collection of titles for online casino lovers in the US. Participate in daily promos and tournaments to win gold coins and super coins.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in ID, MI, WA and WY.
Open a Magic Box Daily for Free Coins
Complete Quests for Guaranteed Rewards
Customer Service Available 24/7
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
95
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
115+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
25+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Tao Fortune is a social casino that provides a fresh take on playing with both 'Tao Coins' and 'Secret Coins', the latter of which can be redeemed for real prizes. For instance, players can break the Piggy Bank each week to get free Secret Coins.
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
91
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
250+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
35+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Players at Fortune Coins Casino can play the top free games and slots using Gold Coins and Fortune Coins, the latter of which can be redeemed for real money prizes.
Must be 21+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in ID, KY, MI, NV and WA.
Exclusive Pet Farm Game for VIP Level 7 Players
Daily Race with Gold Coins up for Grabs
Complete Challenges & Tournaments for Free Coins
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
95
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
240
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
20+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
9
DingDingDing is a social and sweepstake casino that is very focused on providing the best online slots and bingo games to players around the US. While only 5 games are available upon signing up, more are available as players level up.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in ID, LA, MI, MT, NV, and WA.
New Players Get 10,000+ Free Lucky Coins
'5-Tier Players' Club with Exclusive Promos
Start Playing with 4 Sweeps Coins
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
94
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
650+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
5+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Sweepstastic is a lively social and sweepstakes casino that offers players daily bonuses and the chance to play with SC and win real-world prizes including cash, gift cards, and merchandise.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in ID, MI, MT, NV, TN and WA,
First Purchase Unlocks Exclusive Scratchcards
Multiplayer Online Bingo Games Available
Large Community of Players for Socializing
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
95
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
900+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
1+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
ulsz Bingo doesn't just offer a wide range of bingo games, but users will also be able to play arcade games and various slots including Megaways, Tumbling Reels, Hold and Win, and more.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in ID, MI, MT, and WA
24 Hour Payouts on Weekdays
Regular Social Media Giveaways
Accepts both FIAT and Cryptocurrency
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
GDC
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
93
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
325+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
25+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Available in 46 US states, Scrooge Casino provides a broad spectrum of games which include crash-style games like Red Baron, Space XY, Limbo XY, Minesweepers XY, and more.
Regular Contests to Earn 'Scratchers' and 'Wheels'
Claim Free Virtual Credits Every 4 Hours
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
96
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
850+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
70+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
25+
BetRivers.net is a dual sweepstakes casino and social sportsbook with a stable of great slots from leading providers like Pragmatic Play and NetEnt, including a number of live dealer games. There are also regular slots tournaments to join with prizes up for grabs.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in AL, DE, GA, ID, KY, LA, MT, MI, NV, and WA.
Redeem Gift Cards as Low as $10
50+ Jackpot Slots Available
Live Chat for GC Bundle Purchasers
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
92
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
800+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
50+
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
Mega Bonanza provides players with a very sleek and user-intuitive platform. Because it's so easy to navigate through the 800+ slots by slot category and game provider type, players will easily be able to find their next favorite.
Must be 18+ to participate. T&Cs Apply. Void in ID, MI, WA, and WY.
10-Tier VIP Program Increases Max Win
20+ Bonus-Buy Slots Available
Low 1x Wagering on 'City Coins'
Promo Code
The code required to claim this sign-up bonus (if any)
not required
Our Rating
Gambling.com rating of this casino site out of 100
92
Slots
The total number of all Online Slot Games available
400+
Jackpot Slots
The number of Progressive Jackpot Slot Games available
25
Live Casino Games
The total number of Live Dealer casino games available
0
FunzCity is a fast-growing sweepstakes casino with a small but varied collection of games. Open a mystery box every day you login with Fun Coins and City Coins up for grabs.
No form of online gambling is permitted in Vermont with the exception of pari-mutuel wagering on horse racing betting platforms such as TwinSpires and TVG.
A legal alternative for Vermont residents interested in playing online casino games are social casinos such as Chumba and LuckyLand, which are available on their respective websites or as a Facebook-based app. Slots and popular table games are offered for entertainment with no real money changing hands, though players can win real cash and prizes through sweepstakes-style games. Gambling.com’s top online social casinos are listed above.
Online gambling for real money with offshore-based casino websites is not recommended. Offshore sites are unregulated, offer no consumer protections and should be avoided.
When Will Vermont Legalize Online Gambling?
With no commercial or tribal casinos, the legalization of online casino gambling is not under consideration in Vermont. Sports betting bill introduced in 2020 allows for online/mobile sports wagering only, with no retail sportsbook locations. Therefore, finding online casino promotions that are like NJ online casino bonuses is going to be unlikely in the future, as the state most likely won't regulate online casino gambling.
Land-Based Casinos in Vermont
Vermont residents must travel to casinos in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, upstate New York, or across the Canadian border to Quebec to play slots, table games or poker. Therefore, besides being unable to play on the best online casinos, Vermonters can't use any land-based casinos as well.
Which Vermont Casinos Will Offer Online Gambling?
None. The state has no casinos to offer any form of online gambling. Instead, social casinos provide interactive opportunities for Vermont players to play slots and casino games online for free with the chance to win prizes or cash through sweepstakes-style games.
Mobile Casino Apps in Vermont
If online casino gambling ever becomes law in Vermont, mobile casino apps will lead the way, providing bettors with an unprecedented level of convenience. The apps allow bettors to use their smartphone or mobile device to place wagers 24 hours a day, 7 days from week from anywhere inside the state. The apps are easy to use, free to download, and compatible with Android or iOS operating systems. The hope is that apps in Vermont will be at the level of NJ casino app.
Expected Online Casino Games to Launch in Vermont
Among the games launched in states which allow online gambling:
Online Slots: Players can compete for real money or play free slots. Thousands of online slot games are available and nearly all of the most popular slot titles at your local casino can be found online, whether they are three-reel, progressive or high limit.
Online Poker: No-limit Texas Hold’em cash games and tournaments are available for a variety of stakes. Omaha and stud games may also be available. Nevada, New Jersey and Delaware share online poker player pools, increasing the number of available players. Other states may eventually join those pools.
Lottery: Vermont participates in a Tri-State Lottery with Maine and New Hampshire, in addition to Powerball and Mega Millions. Currently, Vermont Lottery tickets must be bought at retail locations and cannot be purchased online.
Online Roulette: A random number generator is used in the online version of this popular casino game. A wide variety of online roulette variants are available.
Online Blackjack: Play at your own pace with lower minimum bets and no waiting for a table. Some online blackjack variants allow sidebets.
Live Dealer: Available in select states, live dealer adds a social element to table games such as blackjack and roulette. An actual person deals the game from a studio location, with the action streamed to your computer or mobile device. Players can chat online with the dealer and others at the table.
The most common payment options in states with legalized online gambling:
E-wallets: The most popular are PayPal and Neteller. Accounts are easy to set up and players can quickly transfer funds between their e-wallet and online gambling account for low fees.
Play+/Prepaid cards:Play+ cards can be funded by a credit card or bank account and allow you to move your funds in and out of a casino account easily. Cash can be accessed from the card at ATMs. Prepaid cards are widely accepted and available through a variety of retailers. Most online casino operators also offer their own branded prepaid cards.
Credit cards: Convenient option with deposits often instantaneous. But not all financial institutions process gambling transactions, some charge high fees and withdrawals by credit card are generally not permitted.
Bank/wire transfer: Reliable way to deposit and withdraw funds, with an electronic connection established between your bank and online gambling account. Transactions may take longer to process than other payment methods.
PayNearMe: Cash-only deposit option with no card or bank information required. A barcode scan at participating local retailers (including CVS, Family Dollar and 7-Eleven) transfers the funds to your online account.
Casinos Bonuses to Watch for in Vermont
One of the advantages of playing online is the selection of casino bonuses. Among the most popular:
Welcome bonus: A small bonus is added to your account just for signing up. Also know as a free no deposit casino bonus.
Deposit match: Make a first deposit and your casino operator will match that amount up to 100%. These bonuses usually include playthrough restrictions that require the bonus money be wagered a specific number times before the funds can be redeemed in full. Be sure to read the terms and conditions.
Free spins no deposit casinos bonus, freerolls: Bonus spins for a variety of slot games. Freerolls provide free entry (no buy-in required) into various tournaments.
Loyalty rewards: Accumulate points and credits for your play that can be redeemed for cash or prizes. Generally, the more money you wager, the greater the rewards.
Vermont Gambling Laws & History
Betting options have historically been limited in Vermont, though there is some hope online legal sports betting could be in the state’s future.
Timeline of Gambling Legislation in Vermont
Bill is introduced to legalize online-only sports betting in Vermont. Legislators form committee to study potential impact of sports betting in the state.
State lawmakers approve bill to legalize and regulate daily fantasy sports.
Terminals offering lottery-style video games are installed in 25 bars across the state. The terminals are removed a year later, ruled to be illegal.
Green Mountain Race Track, the state’s lone pari-mutuel facility, ends live racing. Vermont residents ban greyhound racing three years later.
Vermont Lottery is approved through voter referendum. First ticket is sold the following year.
Pari-mutuel wagering is legalized.
Vermont Betting Status
The good news in Vermont is that sports betting has reached the state in 2024. The HB 127 was recently signed by Governor Phil Scott which would allow up to six online operators to go live. The fact that betting is legal and launched gives some hope for Vermont online casinos in the future.
Daily Fantasy Sports Betting in Vermont
In June 2017, Gov. Phil Scott signed a bill that legalized and regulated Daily Fantasy Sports in Vermont. The bill requires that participants be at least 18 years old and contests based on college events are prohibited. All of the major daily fantasy sports operators, including DraftKings sportsbook and FanDuel sportsbook, are active in Vermont.
Horse Betting in Vermont
Vermont has no horse tracks offering live pari-mutuel racing. Green Mountain Race Track in Pownal (the southwestern-most town in Vermont) opened in 1963 and operated thoroughbred and harness racing meets until 1976 before switching to greyhound racing, which was discontinued in 1992. The state banned greyhound racing in 1995. The vacant track’s grandstand burned to the ground in 2020.
Though the state has no facilities for wagering, Vermont residents can bet on horse racing through advance deposit wagering platforms such as TVG, TwinSpires and Xpressbet.
What Online Sportsbooks are Expected to Launch in Vermont?
A maximum of six operators can be available in Vermont. DraftKings, Fanduel and Fanatics were given a license and we expect some of the other biggest sports betting operators to seek a license, such as BetMGM, Caesars Entertainment and Penn National Gaming.
What Sports Can I Bet on When Vermont Legalizes Sports Betting?
Vermont bettors are able to wager on all of the major sports leagues, including the NFL, NBA, MLB and NHL. Other pro sports offered will include golf, tennis, motorsports, soccer, boxing and mixed martial arts. Wagering will also be available on major college and international sports. Some states ban betting on in-state college teams while others set no such limitations.
References
US Department of Justice (January 24,2020). Retrieved Feb. 6, 2020, from https://www.justice.gov/
International Association of Gaming Regulators (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 1, 2020 from https://www.iagr.org/
FAQs
Can you gamble online in Vermont?
Online casino gambling is not permitted in Vermont. Sports betting is now available in Vermont together with betting horse racing through advance deposit wagering platforms.
What is the legal gambling age in Vermont?
Bettors must be at least 18 to purchase lottery tickets or participate in pari-mutuel wagering.
Why do some sites have casino offers in Vermont?
Some offers are from legal online social casinos, which offer a variety of interactive slots and table games with no real money changing hands. They often feature sweepstakes-style games though with prizes. Other offers may be from offshore online casino or sports betting sites, which are unregulated, place your funds and personal information at risk, and are not recommended.